A Biological Perspective: Molecular Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes and how traits are passed down from parents to offspring. This scientific field focuses on explaining the structure and function of individual genes, how they influence characteristics, and how they are inherited through sequences of generations. 

Some of the most commonly referred to inherited genetics are eye and hair color, height, and even some medical diseases or susceptibilities. These are referred to as biological genes because they are influenced by genetic material and heritability. Scientists and researchers explore molecular genetics to understand how biological genetics affect the characteristics and behavior of living organisms. Molecular genetics explores heredity, how genetic information is transmitted from generation to generation, and gene expression. Gene expression plays a critical role in influencing the development and functionality of the brain, the motherboard of behavior, and how behavior is shaped.

Molecular Genetics in ASD

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has often been referred to as a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that is influenced by genetic mechanisms that affect the structure of the brain and function (Veenstra-VanderWeele & Cook, 2004). This biological perspective depicts how genetic and biological processes contribute to forming personality patterns, often expressed by people on the spectrum. A closer look into molecular genetics' dimensions can shed more light on how these patterns affect and manifest in individuals. 

Structure 

In autism spectrum disorder, genetic interruptions or abnormalities, also known as mutations, have been commonly linked to atypical neuroconnectivity and deficits in social cognition (Ramaswami & Geschwind, 2018). The genetic structural differences associated with these mutations can help explain core traits associated with autism, such as social withdrawal (low extraversion) and difficulties with socio-emotional skills like expressing empathy. The discovered biological and molecular connections imply that some common behaviors within ASD are a direct result of underlying neurological variations. 

Processes and Dynamics

According to Fakhoury (2015), irregular neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin, and disrupted synaptic functioning can lead to difficulties in sensory and emotional regulation. Individuals with ASD often display behaviors of rigidness, expressing difficulties adapting to change, and heightened sensitivities, which are traits that can be mapped to high neuroticism and low openness.

Growth and Development

Early intervention has proven effective in supporting autistic children (Camarata, 2014). With early intervention, maladaptive behaviors can be addressed, and families and support systems can gain the necessary knowledge to create an enriched environment. Research by Loth et al. (2016) showed that early intervention can help individuals on the spectrum get the necessary environmental support to increase cognitive flexibility and the development of adaptive behaviors. While biological structures can predispose individuals to certain traits within autism spectrum disorder, developmental processes can shape outcomes and promote growth. 

Psychopathology and Therapeutic Change

Although this perspective views ASD from a biological lens with molecular genetic vulnerabilities, therapeutic interventions can improve targeted functioning. When needed, behavioral interventions and appropriate pharmacological support can create targeted interventions that promote strengths. Gene-informed approaches can further assist with the personalization of treatment strategies and forms. 



References: 

  1. Camarata, S. (2014). Early identification and early intervention in autism spectrum disorders: Accurate and effective?. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(1), 1-10. 
    2.  
  2. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2013.858773
  3. Fakhoury, M. (2015). Autistic spectrum disorders: A review of clinical features, theories and diagnosis. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 43, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.003
  4. Loth, E., Spooren, W., Ham, L. M., Isaac, M. B., Auriche-Benichou, C., Banaschewski, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Broich, K., Bolte, S. Bourgeron, T., Charman, T., Collier, D., de Andres-Trelles, F., Durston, S., Ecker, C., Elferink, A., Haberkamp, M., Hemmings, R., Johnson, M. H., ... & Murphy, D. G. (2016). Identification and validation of biomarkers for autism spectrum disorders. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 15(1), 70-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.7
  5. Ramaswami, G., & Geschwind, D. H. (2018). Genetics of autism spectrum disorder. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 147, 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00021-X
  6. Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., & Cook, E. H. (2004). Molecular genetics of autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 9(9), 819-832. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001505

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